Building & Civil Engineering Designs

  Reinforced Concrete Buildings: With following Components; * Reinforced Pad and Strip foundations * Reinforced Columns with Starter bars * Reinforced Concrete Slabs For Sketchup models/drawings of below Structures; please contact Majid at   Majid36@live.co.uk   Over 150 Estimating/pricing Excel sheets for Civil Engineering projects. only $50-00

  Retaining walls  are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a  seawall  or a bulkhead. Definition [ edit ] A wall for holding in place a mass of earth or the like, as at the edge of a terrace or excavation. A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the  angle of repose  of the soil.

  Pile Caps: Foundations provide support for  structures , transferring their  load  to  layers  of  soil  or  rock  that have sufficient  bearing capacity  and suitable  settlement  characteristics to support them. Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as  shallow foundations  or  deep foundations . Shallow foundations  are typically used where the  loads  imposed by a  structure  are low relative to the  bearing capacity  of the surface  soils . Deep foundations  are necessary where the  bearing capacity  of the surface  soils  is not adequate and so  loads  need to be transferred to deeper  layers  with higher  bearing capacity . Pile foundations  are  deep foundations . They are formed by long, slender,  columnar   elements  typically made from  steel  or  reinforced concrete , or sometimes  timber . A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three times its breadth. Pile foundations  are principally used to transfer the  loads  from  superstruc

  Reinforced Concrete Beams:  Reinforced concrete beams are used in all manner of concrete framed buildings including residential buildings, offices, car parks and many other structures. Reinforced concrete is economical as it allows a very small quantity of steel very effectively by placing this steel at exactly where it is most effective at the bottom of the section. The concrete provides the lever arm and depth for the steel. The concrete also resists the compressive forces at the top of the beam and provides a durable cover for the steel. The above article has been copied from internet. Estimating Excel Sheet Programs for Building & Civil Engineering Projects: Over 160 programs Only $50.

  A reinforced concrete column is a series of vertical steel beams that have been strengthened using poured concrete. These columns do an exceptional job of transferring heavy loads down the length of a structure into the slab, which in turn transfers it into the surrounding soil. The RC columns are capable of supporting the weight of entire buildings stretching to great heights.  With great load-bearing power comes great responsibility—which is why the majority of commercial structure failures are due to the premature deterioration of RC columns. These failures, in turn, are frequently the result of improper construction practices. To ensure proper RC column construction processes, there are four phases to reinforced concrete column construction.  1. RC Column Layout During this phase, the location of the RC columns are laid out using rope or other markers to determine where such columns will be placed. Many columns are laid out on a construction site in a grid pattern to ensure a dis

  Portal frame Factory: Portal  frames  were first developed during the Second World War and became popular in the 1960s. They are now commonly used to create wide- span   enclosures  such as;  warehouses , agricultural  buildings , hangars, entertainment and sport venues,  factories , large  retail   units , and so on, where a clear  space  is required uninterrupted by intermediary  columns . They were originally used because of their  structural   efficiency , meaning that large  spaces  could be enclosed with little use of  materials  and for a low  cost . Tata  Steel  suggest that today, 50% of constructional  steel  used in the  UK  is in portal  frame  construction. (Ref.  SteelConstruction.info, Portal Frames .) Portal  frames  are a type of  structural frame , that, in their simplest  form , are characterised by a  beam  (or  rafter ) supported at either end by  columns , however, the  joints  between the  beam  and  columns  are 'rigid' so that the  bending moment  in